Retrospective study of the incidence of syphilis and its epidemiological profile associated with the incidence of fetal death 2013–2023

Abstract

Introduction: Maternal syphilis remains a major public health concern worldwide and is strongly associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Untreated Treponema pallidum infection may lead to spontaneous abortion, preterm birth, stillbirth, neonatal death, and congenital syphilis. Objective: To analyze the incidence of syphilis in pregnant women and its association with fetal death, as well as to characterize the epidemiological profile of this population in Brazil, the state of Goiás, and the municipality of Anápolis from 2013 to 2023. Methodology: A retrospective, observational, descriptive, and analytical epidemiological study was conducted using secondary data from official health information systems. Reported cases of syphilis in pregnant women and fetal deaths were analyzed through rate calculations and temporal trend assessment. Results: An increasing trend in syphilis incidence among pregnant women was identified during the study period, accompanied by a rise in congenital syphilis cases and associated fetal deaths. Previous studies demonstrate that untreated maternal syphilis is strongly associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, particularly stillbirth and perinatal mortality. Conclusion: Maternal syphilis remains a preventable condition, and its persistence reflects gaps in prenatal screening, timely treatment, and follow-up care. Strengthening early diagnosis, adequate treatment, and surveillance strategies is crucial to reduce fetal deaths and prevent vertical transmission.